Basic knowledge of jewellery: To know jewellery, it must be applied to many basics of chemistry, physics, and mineralogy and crystallography. We can only give an overview of the most basic and simple content here.
1. What are gems and jade?
Gems are broadly the most beautiful and rare in the stone.
It consists of two major categories of gemstones and jade.
Narrow gemstones are single-crystal minerals that are naturally produced (such as natural gold, diamond) or compounds (such as crystal, red and blue).
Jade refers to a polycrystalline rock composed of a single mineral or a multi-mineral aggregate.
Second, what is jade?
Jade has the reputation of the king of jade. It is a jadeite in jade. Its chemical composition is sodium aluminosilicate. The mineral composition is a pyroxene-based pyroxene. The structure is composed of numerous fine fibrous microcrystals. A dense block assembly having a carpet-like structure. It is very tough, resistant to high impact forces and pressures, and its products are durable. Jadeite has a hardness of 6.5-7 Moss, a specific gravity of 3.3, a glass luster or a pearl luster, and is often translucent, and a few are transparent (fully transparent "glass"), and the fracture is staggered. In China's gemstones, there is a saying that Huang Wei is green and green is green. The origin of the jadeite is mainly concentrated in the Archaeological Area of ​​Myitkyina in northern Myanmar.
Third, what is Hetian jade?
Hetian jade refers to the oldest nephrite produced in Hetian, Xinjiang. Its chemical composition is calcium magnesium silicate, and its mineral composition is a special aggregate composed of hornblende. Mohs hardness 6-6.5, specific gravity 2.9-3.1, fracture staggered, grease luster, translucent to opaque, color is white, cyan, yellow, black, red, etc., the color of a piece of material is generally uniform, its chemistry The composition is relatively stable, can resist strong acid and alkali, and is generally used for making jade carvings and various small pendants and bracelets. It is also the main material of ancient jade products in China.
Fourth, what is jade?
The main producing area of ​​Daiyu is Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province, which is also produced in Xinyi, Sichuan and Sichuan Huili. The chemical composition of Saitama is a hydrated magnesium silicate. The mineral composition is a collection of snake and stone minerals. It is composed of fine fibrous and leaf-like serpentine crystals. It is a very delicate and dense block. . It is available in a variety of colors, which are uncommon in pale green and yellowish green. It has a hardness of 2.5-4.5, a specific gravity of about 2.5, grease luster or waxy luster; translucent to opaque, and very few are transparent, similar to plexiglass. Due to its low hardness, Shaoyu is a low-grade jade material. It is often used as a jade carving and various small pendants. It also makes life products such as tea sets, wine sets, fitness balls and jade pillows.
5. What is Dushan jade?
Dushan jade is named after Dushan, which is 8 kilometers northeast of Nanyang City, Henan Province. Its mineral composition is the eucalyptus petrified plagioclase, which is a multi-color jade. Its color is bright, the pattern is complete, the combination of light and shade, and the texture is delicate, dense and hard. Mohs hardness 6-6.5, specific gravity 2.9; glass luster or grease luster, opaque or micro-transparent. Dushan jade is commonly used in the market to make jade carvings of various ornaments.
Sixth, what is agate?
Agate refers to chalcedony with a ribbon structure, which is a gelatinous mineral whose main component is silica. The hardness is 6.5-7, the specific gravity is 2.65, the fracture is shell-shaped, transparent to translucent, and the glass is shiny. Agate quality should be white, due to the presence of colored ions or other impurities, will appear gray, red, blue and other colors. The natural red agate is “burned red†and the heat treatment makes the light red agate turn bright red. High quality white agate can also be dyed in a variety of colors. Bracelets are often made on the agate market, and some small pendants and ornaments are also made. Agate mainly produces Brazil, and the main producing area of ​​agate in China is in Fuxin City, Liaoning.
7. What is "Furong Stone"?
Furong stone is a kind of pink translucent to transparent quartz block, also known as "Rose Quartz". Its chemical composition is mainly silica. In addition to pink, it is also dark pink. The hardness is 7, the specific gravity is about 2.65, and the fracture is shell-like, showing a grease luster. Mainly used as necklaces, bracelets, and sometimes some small pendants or chicken hearts and earrings and other accessories, Furong stone mainly produces Brazil, China's main producing areas in Xinjiang, Yunnan and other places.
Eight, what is the "tiger eye stone"?
Tiger eye stone is called "wood stone" because of its similar appearance to wood. It is made of blue asbestos with mineral composition of sodium amphibole. It is replaced by geological hydrothermal fluid. The silica in the hot liquid gradually replaces sodium. After the amphibole, it becomes silicified blue asbestos, and its composition becomes quartz with a hardness of 7 and a specific gravity of 3.1. The tiger's eye stone can be divided into three categories according to the color, yellow and yellow-brown, and the cat's eye effect is called the tiger's eye stone. The main color is blue, and the cat's eye effect is called eagle stone. The brown and blue spots are mixed together. For the zebra tiger stone. The tiger eye stone market is mainly used as necklace beads and bracelet beads, mainly in Brazil and Australia.
Nine, what is Dongling jade?
In the geology, Dongling jade is called chrome mica quartzite with a hardness of 7. and a specific gravity of 2.65. It is brittle, translucent and has a staggered shape. According to its color, it can be divided into green Dongling stone, blue Dongling stone and red Dongling jade. Dongling jade mainly produces India, also known as Indian jade. Often used as necklace beads and bracelet beads, small pendant accessories, also have ornaments.
X. What is Venus Stone?
Gold Star Stone, also known as gold or gold sand flash mine, is a quartzite containing mica flakes or iron oxide mineral fines, named after the shining light of Venus. It is commonly used in the market as a bracelet bead, necklace beads, chicken heart or as a stamp material.
XI. What is crystal?
Crystal is one of the narrow gemstones and is a very old gem. Its chemical composition is silica. This is a crystal that is transparent like water in quartzite minerals (although crystals are opaque, they can only be called quartz crystals). If it is purple, brown or black due to impurities, it is called amethyst, tea crystal and ink crystal; the special variety containing needle or fibrous mineral inclusions inside is called "crystal". The crystal face is glassy, ​​and its shell-like fracture is grease-like; the hardness is 7, the specific gravity is 2.66, and it has a pressure-sensitive and optical property. Crystals are widely used in jewelry. They are mainly used as bracelets and necklace beads. They also make small pendants and ornaments. Crystals are mainly produced in Brazil and Uruguay. The main producing areas in China are Yangjiaoling in Hainan Province and the East China Sea in Jiangsu Province.
Natural crystals are clear and transparent, often containing star-like, cloud-like or floc-like gas-liquid inclusions, and microcracks are often seen. Synthetic crystals have no cracks, but often have small bubbles. In addition, the amount of synthetic crystal can be felt by hand to be larger than natural crystal. Compared with glass, the crystal is white and bright and dazzling. The glass white is slightly blue, yellow and bright. The crystal hardness is 7, the glass is 5.5, the crystal can be used to cut the glass, the natural crystal often contains uneven cotton, etc. Phenomenon, and the glass is artificially baked, often uniform without cotton, and has tiny bubbles. The tongue crystal has a cool feeling, and the glass has a warm feeling.
Twelve, what is a pearl?
Pearl is a kind of ball body formed by some shellfish in the ocean or fresh water due to the foreign matter that enters (or manually puts in) the body, and the pearl liquid which is secreted by the body is wrapped by the outer layer. Its chemical composition is mainly calcium carbonate. The pearls can be divided into seawater beads, freshwater pearls and artificially cultivated pearls according to different yields. The white beads with white base color can be divided according to color. The black base of the texture is black and variegated. Beads.
Thirteen, what is a diamond?
It is customary to refer to diamonds that reach gem-quality diamonds. It is a crystalline mineral crystallized from a single carbon element in a special environment and is the only gemstone mineral composed of single elements. Gemstones and diamonds (ie diamonds) are not only hard (10 grades of Mohs hardness, 1100 times more than quartz), they have extremely high abrasion resistance and chemical stability; they are strong in gloss, are not easy to wear after processing, and can shine diamonds for a long time; Moreover, it has a large refractive index (2.42) and a strong dispersion (0.044, which is the strongest among natural colorless gemstones). When the diamond is honed into dozens of small faces, the white light that is injected into the diamond is dispersed during the refraction process. It is a monochromatic light, showing a seven-color neon-like brilliance, showing a brilliant and crystal-like optical effect. This strong dispersion phenomenon is the most precious feature of diamonds and is beyond the reach of any other gemstone. Therefore, it is known as the "king of gems". Diamonds are mainly produced in South Africa, Australia, Zaire, Botswana, mainly used for diamond rings, necklaces, earrings, boutonniere and other accessories.
14. What are the sister gems - rubies and sapphires?
Ruby and sapphire are beautiful and transparent corundum. Their chemical composition is aluminum oxide. When pure, it should be colorless. It contains a small amount of pigment ions and has different colors, such as chrome-containing red color - ruby. Titanium and iron are blue - sapphire. Red and blue treasures are transparent to translucent, glass luster, with obvious pleochroism under dichroic mirror, hardness of 9, and specific gravity of 4; shell-like fracture, no cleavage; under ultraviolet light, ruby ​​is obvious Red fluorescent; sapphire is not fluorescent except for individual varieties produced in Sri Lanka and Kashmir. The main countries producing rubies in the world are Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and the main countries producing sapphire are Australia, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and China. Red sapphire is often used as a high-end jewelry such as ring face, female boutonniere, earrings, and tie clips.
Fifteen, what is "emerald"?
Emerald refers to the emerald green beryl with chromium. The chemical composition is strontium silicate. The crystal is hexagonal column and belongs to the hexagonal system. It is green or dark green, with a specific gravity of 2.6-2.8 and a hardness of 7.5-8. , easy to break; transparent, glass luster. The color is beautiful, transparent and hard, which is the most valuable feature of emerald. Its main producing areas are Colombia and the former Soviet Union. Emeralds are often used as accessories such as ring faces, earrings, and boutonniere.
16. What is “cat's eye�
Gemology's so-called "cat's eye" is specifically for gold emeralds with cat's eye effect, and any other gemstone mineral with cat's eye effect cannot be called "cat's eye" in a general way, but must be preceded by its name. The name of the mineral, such as "Emerald Cat's Eye" or "Quartz Cat's Eye".
The chemical composition of gold emerald is yttrium aluminate. The crystal is columnar or plate-shaped. It can be brown, green and yellow. It has glass luster, hardness of 8.5 and specific gravity of 4.73. Shell-like fracture and white streak. When it has densely oriented fibrous and acicular mineral inclusions or tubular holes in its interior, it will produce a bright band like the cat's eye pupil due to the reflection of light. This is the cat's eye effect. When the gemstone is turned, this bright band will move on the surface of the gemstone, so it is also called "play color", which is the most important feature of the opal. Opal often serves as a ring face, and the best opal is produced in Sri Lanka from the East.
Seventeen, what is "K gold"?
Since the jewelry made of pure gold is too soft, it is difficult to inlay a variety of exquisite styles, especially when it is inlaid with pearls, precious stones and jadeites. Therefore, since ancient times, people know that a small amount of silver is added to pure gold. Metals such as copper and zinc, in order to increase the strength and toughness of gold, the gold ornaments made in this way are called gold ornaments. The production of the pure gold content in the decorative gold is called "golden position", the English is karat, the general translation is "open", and the English word can also be referred to as "K". Therefore, the jewelry is also called "K" gold. Generally speaking, pure gold is 24K, that is, the theoretical gold content is 100%. Therefore, 1K means that the gold content of gold ornaments accounts for 1/24, about 4.16%. China's consumption habits generally use 24K, 18K, while in some countries in Europe and America, 14K or 12K gold is often used to set up jewelry.
18. What is “golden jewelry†and “platinum jewelry�
Jewelry crafts made entirely of gold and some gold can be called “golden jewelryâ€, and gold made with precious metal “platinum†is called “platinum jewelryâ€. Because the distribution of platinum metal in the earth's crust is more dispersed than gold, it is difficult. Extracted, so platinum jewelry is more expensive than gold jewelry
Nineteen, amber
Amber variety and evaluation. According to the different colors and characteristics of amber, China's varieties are Jinpo, Xuebo, Insect, Champer, Lingpo, Shiper, Huapo, Shuiper, Mingpo, Wax, Wax, Red Pine, etc. Jinpo is a precious quality amber. The value of amber is not high now, unless it is antiques, superb art or contains biological remains. Amber determines its economic value based on the clarity, shape and color of the insect. The color is strong, and no impurities are preferred. The color is best in green and transparent red. The most valuable variety is wrapped in insect-containing amber, commonly known as "amber bee", with insects clear, lifelike, large and large. It is used to make beading, beads, carvings, cigarette boxes, hygienic incense, etc.
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